Rational Theory

This paper introduces Rational System Perspectives in relations to four promin ent schools of organization theory; which are Taylor’s scientific management, Fayol’s general principles of management, Weber’s theory of bureaucracy and Simon’s discussion on administrative behavior. Rational System Perspectives There are two key elements characterizing rational systems: 1) Goal Specificity Specific goals support rational behavior in organizations by providing guideli nes on structural design, which leads to specify what tasks are to be performe d and how resources are to be allocated. ) Formalization Formalization is an attempt to make behavior more predictable by standardizing and regulating. Formalization provides stable expectation, which is a precond ition to rationality. Selected schools The author related rational system perspectives to four schools of organizatio nal theories. Taylor’s Scientific Management (1911) Taylor Scientifically analyzed t asks performed by individual workers and disco vered the best procedure that would produce the maximum output with the minimu m input of resources.His attempts (to rationalize labor at level of the indiv idual worker )led to changes in the entire structure of work arrangement. Ther efore, efficiency improved. His four principles includes: 1) Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work. 2) Scientifically select and train workers. 3) Heartily cooperate with workers to ensure that each work is done as plan. 4) Divide work and responsibilities between management and workers. Taylor also proposed the use of incentive system based on performance as a mot ivation tool.Arguments: 1) Workers resisted time-study procedures that attempt to standardize every as pect of their performance. 2) Workers rejected incentive system requiring them to perform continuously at a peak level of efficiency. Fayol’s Administrative Theory (1916) Fayol emphasized management functions by proposing broad administrative principles as guidelines to achieve rationalization of organizational activiti es. Fayol’s and other supporters believed in two main types of management activi ties. ) Coordination includes any elements related to collaborations of individuals such as scalar chain, unity of command, span of control and exception princip le. 2) Specialization involves various activities distributed among positions abou t how such positions can most effectively be grouped into work units. For exam ple, departmentalization, line-staff principle. Arguments: Herbert Simon was one of the main opponents of this theory. He commenced that so-called principles are truthful, but not realistic. Thus, they are inapplica ble (details will be discussed).Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy (1922) Weber developed a theory of authority structures and describes organizational activity on the basis of authority relations. By building the structure, task responsibilities and de cision-making authorities would be clearly defined. He proposed that rational-legal authority (the authority a person possesses be cause of his/her position in an organization, not because of wealth, social st atus or individual’s admirable character) provides the value to develop the u niversal authority structure called â€Å"bureaucracy†.Weber’s ideal bureaucracy principles includes: 1) Division of labor. Jobs are broken down into simple, routine, and well-defi ned tasks. 2) Authority hierarchy. Positions are organized in a hierarchy, each lower one being controlled and supervised by a higher one. 3) Formal selection. Members are selected on the basis of technical qualificat ions (training, education of formal examination). 4) Formal rules and regulations. Managers must depend on formal rules to ensur e uniformity. 5) Impersonality. There is no personal preference of employees. ) Career orientation. Managers do not own the units they manage. They work fo r sa lary and pursue their careers. Arguments There are self-contradictions in Weber’s principles. 1) Management based on discipline: individuals obey the rules and orders becau se they regard the rules and orders as methods to fulfill organizational goals . Therefore, obedience is a mean to an end. 2) Management based on bureaucracy: individuals obey the rules because rules a re considered as commands, setting aside their judgements. Thus, obedience is an end itself.Simon’s Theory of Administrative Behavior (1958) Simon proposed a more realistic view related to rational system perspectives b y pointing out the boundaries (limits and constraints) on how rational manager s can be in making decisions. He introduced the term â€Å"bounded rationality†. Rather than pursuing all alternatives to identify the best solution that would maximize returns, managers will choose the solution that appears to solve the problem, even though they realized the chosen solution is not th e best one, d ue to time/cost constraints and other limitations.Furthermore, Simon clarified the process by which goal specificity and formali zation contribute to rational behavior in organization. Goal specificity: He introduced â€Å"means-ends chains† which establish a hierar chy of goals. According to organizational level, each level of activity is con sidered as an end relative to the levels below it and as a mean relative to th e level above it. Formalization: Simon believed formalized structure supports rational decision making in the sense that formalization simplifies a border of responsibilities among participants and provides participants with guidelines to handle them.Conceptual Framework (means) (ends) Formalization Goal Specificity Input Output Rational System Conclusion 1. Rationality in this paper can be viewed in two senses as follows: 1. 1) Technical or Functional rationality which can be attained through a serie s of actions (means) which lead to predeterm ined goals (ends) with maximum eff iciency. In short, Technical or Functional rationality emphasizes instrumental means-ends efficiency. Taylor’s and Fayol’s theories are related to rationa lity in this sense. 1. ) Formal rationality which can be derived through imposing rules an regulations to organization. Weber defined bureaucracy as rational in this sen se. 2. Level of Analysis 1. 1) Social psychological level. Taylor and Simon focus on individual participants as they perform tasks or make decision. 1. 2) Structural level. Fayol and Weber attempt to analyze the characteristics of organizational structures. Direction for my further research According to the paper above, I would like to examine which ideas of the above theories are still applicable to current information technology era.Furtherm ore, adding to my personal interest in strategic management, I would like to a nalyze how classical theories influence managers on strategic decision-making. Please see the su mmarized table in the next page. Table: Summarize and compare four organization theories. Taylor Fayol Weber Simon Year introduced 1911 1916 1922 1958 Means l Scientifically analyzed tasks performed by individual workers. l Concer ned with management at the shop levels l Generated broad administration princi ples. l Focused on activities of all managers l Described organizational activi ty on the basis of authority relations. Proposed rational-legal authority as a value to develop bureaucracy. l Proposed â€Å"bounded rationality† individuals have limits (boundaries) on how rational they can be. l Introduced means-ends chains. Ends Max. efficiency by using one best way. Max. efficiencyby using management expertise Max. efficiency by using bureaucratic structure Choose a fairly goo d solution, not optimal one. Assumptions Technical & Functional Rationality Technical & Functional Rational ity Formal Rationality Bounded rationalityLevel of Analysis Social Psychological Structura l Structural SocialPsychologic al Arguments 1) Workers resistedTime-study procedures, attempting to standardize every aspect of performance. 2) Workers rejected incentive system, requiring th em to perform continuously at a peak of efficiency. 1) So-called principles ar e truthful, but not realistic. 2) Simon: Due to limitations & constraints, the se principles are not thoroughly applicable. Self-contradictions 1) Based on d iscipline: Obedience is a mean to an end. 2) Based on bureaucracy: Obedience is an end itself.

Teacher and Students

A FIELD STUDY PORTFOLIO IN ADVANCE MONTESSORI EDUCATION CENTER OF ISABELA PRESENTED TO: DR. ROMEO Z. TARUN FS INSTRUCTOR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN FIELD STUDY 5 (Learning Assessment Strategies) And FIELD STUDY 6 (Becoming a Teacher) MAYFLOR F. GUIYAB BSED III HGBAQUIRAN COLLEGE S. Y-2013(2nd SEMESTER) Table of Contents I.Title Page ————————————————————————————-1 Table of Contents ————————————————————————-2 Acknowledgement ———————————————————————â₠¬â€œ3 Dedication ———————————————————————————-3 AMECI Philosophy, Vision, Mission ————————————————-4 II. Field Study 5 – Learning Assessment Strategies Episode 1 – My Assessment List —————————————————————————-5 Episode 2 – My ATM Card (Available Test & Measurement) ———————————8 Episode 3 – Log Me —————————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€10 Episode 4 – MYMP (Me & You Must Practice) —————————————————-11 Episode 5 – My PROPT (Product-Oriented Practice Test) ————————————12 III. Field Study 6 – Becoming a Teacher Episode 1- The Teacher: My Goal as a Person —————————————————16Activity 1 – The Global Teacher: Your Goal Activity 2 – The Professional Teacher Episode 2 – The Teacher in the Classroom ——————————————————— 24 Episode 3 – The Teacher and the Community —————————————————-31 Documentation ————————————————————————–34 Personal Profile —————————————————————————35 Date & Time of Visit ——————————————————————–36Acknowledgement I would like to thank our Heavenly Father for helping and guiding me always as I have finished this requirement. I would also like to extend my g ratitude to the following persons: To my parents, for their love, care, guidance and patience as well as financial support; To my classmates, who are always my companions when we are doing this observation in Advance Montessori Education Center of Isabela (AMECI); andTo the instructors who have been molding me and my classmates, for us to have a better future and a nice performance most especially to our FS instructor Dr. Romeo Z. Tarun who encourages us to conduct this observation. Dedication I would like to dedicate this Field Study to all students concerned and to those who appreciate my work. As I have done this observation, I can say that I have answered the questions very carefully in order to understand better and associate more particularly in this study.I hope that I have reached the expectation of my instructor and to anyone who can read as you scan this portfolio, may I give you a little knowledge. MISSION LANNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL shall deliver quality basic Education w ith the use of indigenous and modern technology under the school system through the empowered competent, committed Teachers; and School Personnel’s who are accountable to the total development of every learner in the attainment of quality life, and where the family, community, and other institution actively support this effort. VISIONLANNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL an institution of learning with competent, committed and responsible Teacher’s, School personnel, and Supportive stakeholders, where every learner is academically competent equipped with life skills and imbued with the desirable values of a person who is Makabayan, Makatao, Makakalikasan, and Maka-diyos. Field Study 6 Professional Education Subject: The Teaching Profession Activity1: The Teacher: My Goal As a Person At the end of this activity, you will be competent in clarifying your values about teaching, and in articulating and demonstrating your personal philosophy of teaching.The end goal is to be a positive role model for students. My Task To be an effective teacher in the future it is important to be aware of yourvalues  about  teaching. Write  your  mission  statement  or  philosophy  that  you  willuphold with conviction. To each your goals do the following tasks. Interview with Teacher 1 Teacher’s Name: Thelma Cabanilla Gender: Female Subject Taught: English School: LNHS a. My goals for my students are: I believe that the purpose of teaching is not to teach students how to memorize  facts,  or  how  to  know  all  the  correct  answers.The  purpose  of  teaching  lies  in  getting  students  to  truly  understand  the  concepts  being examined. I also believe that as a teacher, I must know what to teach in my classroom. It is vital that I have a solid understanding of the subject matter being taught. I realize that I  cannot  rely  solely  on  textbooks,  but  rather  I  must  seek  out  other  sources  of  information to aid in my teaching. b. What I want to teach my students are: I firmly believe that through proper motivation and guidance, my students will  engage  actively  in  the  class  and  improve  their  innate  talents.Act  with conviction based on what they learned and finally prove their worth as responsible citizen with a personality worthy of emulation as they claim their rightful place in our society. c. I  will  teach  my  students  by By  being  a  facilitator  in  the  classroom. As  a  facilitator,  I  will  guide my students through the subject matter in order to assist the students in their own discoveries. The  constructivist  learning  theory  is  one  that  I  believe  to  beworthwhile,  thus  I  agree  with  the  fact  that  students  can  construct  their  own learning.All students are capable of learning, and all students have somethin g to contribute to the classroom environment. Each student can bring new insights into a subject or raise questions about a subject that has not yet been considered. It is important to maintain a positive attitude about the students you teach. Interview with Teacher 2 Teacher’s Name: Timoteo Taquiqui Gender: Male Subject Taught: English School: LNHS a. My goals  for my students  are: My goal as a teacher is to equip students with the essential tools needed in life.By giving students knowledge and  skills they  need to succeed  as  adults,  by  urging  them  to  pursue  their  dreams,  and  by impressing on them the joy that comes  from learning, I believe that I  can positively  influence  my  students  and  give  them  a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"love  of  learning†. Teachers are virtually limitless in their capacity to touch many different lives; I look forward to being a part of this. b. What I want to teach my students are: I beli eve that by creating a student-centered learning, my students will be able to take charge of their own learning with little assistance from the eacher. This will inculcate a sense of responsibility in them in terms of  achieving their learning goal. As a teacher, one of my roles would be to coach and facilitate them throughout the learning process by providing information and giving useful guidelines in order for them to achieve their learning target. c. I  will  teach  my  students  by I will teach my students by instilling a passion for lifetime learning. Our students are in need of life lessons. They need to learn content, but they also need help learning how to think, how to believe, and how to succeed.SUMMARY TABLE OF INTERVIEW RESULTS * Values are principles, qualities, or objects that a person perceives as having intrinsic worth. Every individual has a personal hierarchy of values that may include success, wealth or monetary comfort, love/companionship, a sense of   accomplishment or achievement, and of  course, survival. When a teacher spends time after school to help a student, he may feel he has sacrificed his own needs to the needs of the student. * â€Å"a  good  leader  is  a  good follower†. In  a  classroom, obviously, the teacher is the leader and the students are the followers.And in order for the followers to obey the rules  implemented  by  the leader, the leader must first observe  those  rules him/herself. * Progressivist – teaches to develop learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a democratic society. * Existentialist – to help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions TEACHER * Existentialist–  helpsstudents  define  their  ownessence  by  exposing  themto various paths they take in  life  and  by  creating  an environment  in  which   They freely  choose  their  own preferred way. Idealist Stimulates learner’s  awareness  of  ideas and be a transmitter of cultural heritage My Reflections LEARNING  is  a  never-ending  quest  in  search  of  answers  for  many questions. It is a process of revealing the mystery of life, a dynamic and fundamental step towards a gradual transformation of a learner from naive to learn. Thus, a learner must be guided accordingly by the hands who want to mold him to be the best epitome of his alter ego. The fate of a learner lies in the hands of teachers and in the teaching and learning process.In an informal setting, they say that anyone can be a teacher; simplybecause  anyone  can  teach  a  thing  to  an  individual  base  on  his  previous experiences. In formal education, licensed teachers are tasked to mold the young  minds  of  the  learners. Therefore,  a  teacher  must  be  effic ient  and effective in her chosen field of endeavor. Impart to her students all necessary faculties needed for them to be competitive globally and to act accordingly as true Christians with a Filipino pride. Learning Activity 2: The Global Teacher:  Your Goal At the end of this activity, you will gain competence in developing yourself become a global teacher.Your Tasks: The rapid change in technology makes the world smaller and links people with one another in one global community. To become an effective teacher, you should been downed with skills and knowledge to make you a global teacher. Characteristics of the Global  Teacher A global teacher works hard and gives her best to teaching. A global teacher utilizes technology. A global teacher has a good command of English. A global teacher is responsible and committed to teaching. A global teacher can execute her lesson well. A global teacher must be globally competitive and aware of the educational system outside the country.Y our Analysis For the response of the teachers, what conclusions can you draw about the characteristics that a global teacher should have in terms of: a. Knowledge A global teacher then should be equipped with various useful knowledge that would help him face the multiple challenges in the world of teaching, and being  knowledgeable  means  possessing  excellence  in  communication  skills, adaptive  to  environmental  changes  and  one  who  teaches  in  a  world  class standard. b. Skills To become a global teacher, we should master skills and competencies, which can address global demands, thus it is being updated on what modern world can offer.As a global teacher, we should easily learn everything that has importance concerning teaching for this would make us better. c. Values Being  a  global teacher  means  a  lot of  responsibilities,  so  he  must  beamed with characteristics that will enable him endure the challenges in the field of  teaching, and that is showing your compassion, commitment and excellence on the teaching profession. Your Reflections Reflect on the image of the global teacher. Make an essay about a global teacher and the challenges that they face in a globalize world. Exciting, and rewarding are just some characteristics that explain teaching.Overcoming anxiety and nerves in the first year is our greatest challenge. Moving into the classroom for the first time can be a daunting and challenging experience for everyone. You are required to immediately equip four years of knowledge into your teaching and classroom management. While this may seem to be a difficult time, it will only get easier. There are many rewards with being a teacher, however it is important to note that it is not a role to be taken lightly – it is a difficult role to fill. As teachers, we need to understand that every child will learn differently.No matter their culture, gender or socio-economic status, s o as teachers you have to encourage and have a level field in your  classrooms. You  have  to  know  how  to  reach  each  student. As  teachers  you need to let the students know that they don’t have to follow the stereotyped roles of  society. The teachers of 2010 and beyond will face many challenges that we are currently unaware of. What we can do to prepare for those challenges is look at where things may be headed in terms of technology and population and cultural diversity. Make  an  illustration  here  on  how  you visualize  the  global teacher.Learning Activity 2: The Professional Teacher Your Goal: At the end of this activity, you will manifest a deeper understanding of the rights, duties, and responsibilities of professional teachers and how these impact you as a future teacher. Classify the information you have gathered using the matrix that follows: Magna Carta for Public Teachers Magna Carta for Public Teachers Magna Carta for Public Teachers Professionalism Systems of  Monitoring She said that DepEd officials evaluates the school annually  The principal also observes the teachers’ performance regularly Magna Carta for Public TeachersRewards and Incentives System She insists that still there should be additional allowance for teachers. Magna Carta for Public Teachers Professionalism Professionalism Respect Discipline She emphasized t hat in the school where she belongs, disciplinary actions are laid in case a teacher has done any malpractice Disciplinary Procedures The teacher does a lot of paper works, but if you really love teaching, you’ll never feel the burden Compassion Enthusiasm Duties and Responsibilities Professionalism Commitment to teaching professionShe is enjoying her benefits as a professional teacher Rights and Privileges of  Ã‚  Teachers Your analysis Give the values reflected by the policies and guidelines found in the school. All aspects of policies and practices in school are the values and the way the whole school  and  community  interacts  with  each  other. Everyone  is  expected  to  be responsible for his or her own behavior, respect the rights of others and share values. It is vital that children, staff and parents work actively in partnership to enable all children to realize their full potential.There should be continuity to actively encourage parents to become involved in the life of the school. There must be a commitment to raising awareness of wider issues, by involving members of the learning community and exploring the surrounding environment. Learning is a lifelong process and it is our responsibility as adults to model effective learning. This vision statement therefore applies to everyone who has a role to play in the provision of education at our school – governors, support staff, teaching assistant sand teachers. Your ReflectionReflect on the policies and guidelines that concern the teachers. T he codes of conduct mandate several rules and regulations that teachers must adhere to. First, teachers are responsible in taking care of the students who are under their supervision with the main objective of assuring their safety and welfare. Second,teachers  should  observe  confidentiality  of  information  that  is  related  with  theircolleagues  students  and  families  that  the  educators  acquire  during  their  teachingprofession, unless the disclosure of this information is needed for the well being of a person.Third, teachers should maintain the good reputation of the teaching profession by showing acts of honesty and integrity as well as making sure that their privateinterests  especially  outside  of  school  does  not  interfere  with  their  professional responsibilities. Fourth,  teachers  should  respect  all  the  members  of  the  schoolcommunity  namely:  students,  parents,   co-workers,  and  school  management  bymaking sure that they are treated equality and are not discriminated by gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, race, and others.Fifth, teachers should conduct their relationship with their students in a professional, respectful, and appropriate manner. Sixth teachers should not practice their teaching responsibilities while in the influence of any substance that weakens their capability to perform their duties properly. Lastly,teachers  must  present  comprehensive  and  accurate  information  and  documentsregarding their professional status credentials, and related experiences. Express  your  insights  and  feelings  regarding  the  demands  of  being  a  future professional teacher. Good teachers typically have good organization skills.They have the ability to work with many different types of people. Patience is also a very good quality. It is true that some people, from the time they are i n first grade, know they want to be teachers. For others, the idea to become a teacher can be a sudden insight, or a feeling  that  ferments  for  years  in  some  remote  corner  of  their  consciousness. Regardless of  where  the idea  comes  from,  for  many,  the images  associated  with becoming a teacher are compelling. Teachers must be flexible to handle the inevitable obstacles that occur each day.Teachers must be able to handle problems and a room full of students all at one time. Problems also arise outside of the classroom setting. In addition,  school  politics  and  colleagues  with  different  teaching  styles  can  cause tension. EPISODE 2: My Tools ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN Each day that I  spend in the classroom presents new  challenges. Every situation and each different child requires an individualized response from the teacher. As I’ve observed the organizational plan, the classroom structured is fl exible. The instructions are care both individually and by group.And the teacher is ensuring that furniture arrangement promotes learning opportunities. She has a seating chart. She maintains plans for materials and assignment management. And she creates bulletin boards that foster learning. She ensures bulletin boards are informative, relevant, aesthetic, and related to class activities. SCHEDULING During my observation, I’ve noticed that the teacher is following guidelines to ensure a  successful scheduling. First she  incorporates any  pre-scheduled  school  wide activities and routines into her schedule.She makes sure to include any activities that the whole school needs to be doing at the same time. For instance, many schools havea  Drop  Everything  and  Read  (DEAR)  time  right  after  lunch. Second,  she  createspredictable routines that her  students can  follow easily. Setting  aside a  short amount of time in the morning for students to complete arrival routines and get organized forthe  day  helps  to  teach  elementary  students  the  importance  of  being  prepared. Likewise, having specific dismissal routines they must follow helps them to make surethey  are  taking  home  everything  they  need  at  the  end  of  the  day.Third,  she coordinates with her grade-level peers. Fourth, she allows for some flexibility in her schedule. Lessons can run longer (or shorter) than she expected or some activities like earthquake and fire drills and special assemblies may interrupt her schedule. She said it's okay if every once in a while you don't accomplish everything you planned for the day. I think the activities were scheduled properly. The time was allotted sufficiently for the activity. Individual and group activities were all planned that’s why it saved time and it’s very organized.And through the guidelines she’s following she’ s coming up with an excellent scheduling. RECORD KEEPING The attendance is monitored by checking the permanent seat plan, through this the teacher can record easily the absences and present in the class. The teacher has a record book where she gets every time she checks the attendance. I’ve seen a portfolio cabinet wherein all of the portfolios of the students are put. The teacher said that it’s very helpful if they have portfolio so that they can monitor their individual performance. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTThe physical environment of the classroom is very conducive to learning. The classroom is clean, properly ventilated and lighted, and free from noise distraction. Also the bulletin and displays were neatly arranged. They have seat plan so the seats of the students are organized and permanent. I think the seating arrangement also suits the learning experience of the pupils. The classroom furniture is matching the size of the students. DISCIPLINE The teacher is establish ing the discipline inside the classroom by following some rules and guidelines.First is by selecting a discipline policy that is appropriate for her students. She considers her students' age and developmental level when selecting a plan. Second is by pairing the rules with both consequences and rewards. If she will punish misbehavior, she also wants to recognize good behavior. She tries to mix positive and negative nearly equally in her plan to ensure that students see that good behavior is rewarded just as much as bad behavior is punished. Third she created a poster on which this discipline policy is clearly outlined.Featuring her policy on a poster allows students to refer to the regulations regularly and gives her something to which to draw students' attention when discussing behavior. She placed her poster prominently on a classroom wall. I think her approach is very preventive. By creating and implementing a classroom discipline plan to prepare her students to follow the rules and regulations that they will be bound by once they reach adulthood. Simultaneously, she'll be maintaining a calm, productive classroom atmosphere conducive to conventional studies. ROUTINESThe  routines  are  properly  established  and  organized. The  teacher  is  alsofollowing some guidelines in establishing routine in the classroom. she organizes her classroom to be effective in providing structure and routine before her students arrive. There  should  be  a  space  for  their  backpacks,  lunches  and  homework. She labels everything clearly. Materials and sections of the classroom should also be labeled. This will allow students to become more familiar with where things go. Then when she says it is time to clean up, they will be able to do so effectively. Third, she sets a schedule.This sounds easy, but it is very important. Structure and routine are essential to keeping children focused and your stress level down. And I think all the pro cedures are placed properly and effectively. When routines and procedures are carefully taught, modeled, and established in the classroom, children know what’s expected of them and how to do certain things on their own. Having these predictable patterns in place allows teachers to spend more time in meaningful instruction. Classroom Management Matrix Classroom Management Area Observation Description of the Supportive Measures ObservedYour Analysis Comments on the Effectiveness of the Supportive Measure Your Analysis Recommendations 2. Schedule During my observation, I’ve noticed that the teacher is following guidelines to ensure a successful scheduling. First she incorporates any pre-scheduled school wide activities and routines into her schedule. She makes sure to include any activities that the whole school needs to be doing at the same time. I think the activities were scheduled properly. The time was allotted sufficiently for the activity. Individual and group acti vities were all planned that’s why it saved time and it’s very organized.And through the guidelines she’s following she’s coming up with an excellent scheduling. One of the hardest things to do as an elementary school teacher is to find the time to fit everything in. There are so many skills to teach and only so much time in the day. To make sure that the entire curriculum is taught effectively, it helps to create a classroom schedule. 1. Organization Plan As I’ve observed the organizational plan, the classroom structure is flexible. The instructions are carried both individually and by group and the teacher ensures that furniture arrangement promotes learning opportunities.Teacher success, in relation to both student learning and teacher efficacy, can often be traced to the ability of the teacher to manage the classroom. Research shows that effective classroom organization and management during the first few weeks of  school are crucial in deter mining expectations and behavior patterns. I think the teacher really implement and create a good organizational plan. I have observed that she provides a productive, safe environment conducive to learning. 3. Record Keeping Effective, continuous record keeping lies at the heart of our best teaching and learning.It enables us to plan, to organize, and to create the best learning environment for each child. Record keeping is an effective tool for tracking contributions made by individual students in our classroom, for assessing students, for informing students and parents about growth overtime, and for setting goals. I think the teacher has effective record keeping technique. She’s right in creating a seat plan to easily check the attendance of the pupils. Also, it is correct to have a portfolio for each student so that they can monitor their performance and enhance it right away if  needed.The attendance is monitored by checking the permanent seat plan, through this the tea cher can record easily the absences and present in the class. The teacher has a record book where she gets every time she checks the attendance. I’ve seen a portfolio cabinet wherein all of the portfolios of the students are put. The teacher said that it’s very helpful if  they have portfolio so that they can monitor their individual performance. Model whenever you can and tone your language to suit large mixed ability classes, small groups, weak students, and finally, the age of your students.She coordinates with her grade-level peers. She allows for some flexibility in her schedule. Lessons can run longer (or shorter) than she expected or some activities like earthquake and fire drills and special assemblies may interrupt her schedule. She said it's okay if every once in awhile you don't accomplish everything you planned for the day. Effective enforcement of  classroom discipline is a pre-requisite for the smooth operation of any classroom. Although your main goa l as a teacher is to provide your students with the academic lessons they need to succeed in adulthood. I think her approach is very preventive.By creating and implementing a classroom discipline plan to prepare her students to follow the rules and regulations that they will be bound by once they reach adulthood. Simultaneously, she'll be maintaining a calm, productive classroom atmosphere conducive to conventional studies. The  teacher is establishing the discipline inside the classroom by following some rules and guidelines. First is by selecting a discipline policy that is appropriate for your students. Consider your students' age and developmental level when selecting a plan. Second is by pairing the rules with both consequences and rewards. 5.Discipline 4. Physical Environment The physical environment of the classroom is very conducive to learning. The classroom is clean, properly ventilated and lighted, and free from noise distraction. Also the bulletin and displays were nea tly arranged. They have seat plan so the seats of the students are organized and permanent. I think the seating arrangement also suits the learning experience of the pupils. The classroom furniture is truly matching the size of the students. Every teacher knows that a safe, clean, comfortable and attractive classroom can stimulate learning and help build a classroom community.But for many teachers, setting up the physical environment of  their classrooms can be quite daunting, especially when faced with older buildings, crowded classrooms and insufficient storage space. I think the teacher did a good job in creating a physical environment that is very conducive to learning. She has a classroom suited to the learning ability and level of her Grade II pupils. I can conclude that if she maintains it, definitely she can come up with her goals in providing a classroom promoting a healthy and wonderful learning experience. I think the routines she formulated are very unique yet effectiv e.Actually, if I’ll be in the actual field, I’m going to follow her superb and operative routines so that I can also ensure a well managed time and well organized classroom. 6. Routines The routines are properly established and organized. The teacher is also following some guidelines in establishing routine in the classroom. First she organizes her classroom to be effective in providing structure and routine before her students arrive. There should be a space for their backpacks, lunches and homework. Second, she labels everything clearly. Materials and sections of the classroom should also be labeled.This will allow students to become more familiar with where things go. Then when she says it is time to clean up, they will be able to do so effectively. Third, she sets a schedule. This sounds easy, but it is very important. When students arrive in her classroom they should know that they have until a certain time before their desks should be cleared and the teaching sta rts. Also she plans for the in-between times as well. Structure and routine are essential to keeping children focused and your stress level down. And I think all the procedures are placed properly and effectively.When routines and procedures are carefully taught, modeled, and established in the classroom, children know what’s expected of them and how to do certain things on their own. My Analysis 1. In what area of classroom management was the teacher most effective? Which of  the supportive measures were effective? Why? The area of classroom management wherein she’s most effective is discipline. I think all of her supportive measures were efficacious. During my observation, I’ve noticed that the pupils were well disciplined and behave not only during discussion but even the teacher is away.So it just shows that the guidelines she’s following to maintain  a  good  discipline is  working. She already  starts  to  develop  good  moral ch aracter among pupils. 2. In what area of classroom management was the teacher least effective? Which supportive measures were not effective? Why? I think she’s very effective in all aspects. I am not seeing any flaws regarding her organizational plan, record, keeping, physical environment, scheduling, discipline and routine. It might not be perfect but I think the important thing is to fulfill your goals in accordance to your guidelines. . Suggest more effective ways for your answer in number 2. Since I am seeing her classroom management with no flaws, I’ll just leave a good message about it. Effective classroom management is about the teacher keeping the students actively involved in the entire lesson. By practicing the teaching strategies above, teachers will greatly reduce classroom management problems. My Reflections 1. Describe at 3-5 characteristics of a teacher who can establish a well-managed classroom? There are so many classroom management characteristics lik e: Adaptability is the ability of a person to blend him / herself according to the external situations. Decisiveness – having the power to decide; conclusive. Characterized by decision and firmness resolution. Delegation – is the handing of a task over to another person, usually a subordinate. It is the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person to carry out specific activities. 2. What characteristics do you have at present that can make you an effective classroom manager? Elaborate how these characteristics can help you. I think I have the empathy, adaptability, and decision making skills.I can definitely sue those skills to ensure an effective classroom management. Adaptability will of  course help me to adjust easily to situations and changes. For example, if I’ll be transfer in different classroom I can still create a new and good atmosphere to my students which will promote a conducive learning environment. Also, if I have the empathy I can understand their  individual differences which will help  me to maintain and foster good discipline and routines inside the classroom. And last, if I have the good decision making skills I can create a guidelines and rules to insure and effective classroom management. . What characteristics do you have at present that can hamper you from becoming an effective classroom manager? How can you overcome these characteristic? Honestly I need to develop and gain more patience because I think that’s the characteristic that I have that will definitely hamper me in having an effective classroom management. I know that I can overcome this because I’m already practicing it in my daily life. I’m beginning to be more patient at all time regardless of  whatever the situation is. EPISODE 3: THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITYThe role of the teacher in a positive school-community relationship is extremely important since it is the teacher who is the backbone of the educatio nal system. Although  school  boards  create  school  policy  and  administrators  interpret  thesepolicies, teachers are the personnel who implement school policy. Teachers must alsobe  prepared  to  make  the  most  favorable  impression  possible  in  even  the  mostinnocent  of  circumstances  in  order  to  maintain  public  support. The  community's perceptions of the teacher affect their perceptions of the school and

Adams Aircraft Analysis Report

Adam aircraft is a company that mainly deals in designing, building and certifying new products. The main factor that brought this company into being was that in the aviation industry for many years it lacked a company that wanted to get involved in the business of making new aircrafts from scratch. The above was experienced due to two factors lack of financing and lack of government support. These two factors can be elaborated by the following sentiments:   it’s not until 1994 when the government stepped in to protect aircraft manufacturers from lawsuits that emanated from dealing with aircrafts that were older than18 years. Before this the industry had died because of the many suits that had been filed. Thus not many people wanted to join an industry that would cost them more money in running other than the investment itself. To build a single aircraft is valued at the price of 250 million dollars this value is minus the certification process which takes a lot of money. The two factors are the main contributors of lack of innovation when it comes to the aviation industry. Adam Aircraft Company is an example of a company that has defied all odds in the aviation industry by escaping such hurdles as technology, capital, competition from staunch players like the Cessna and Boeing builders, and skeptics’ from players of the aviation sector, to come to a point of success by creating A500 and A700. The company is faced with major responsibilities which include the need of more finances to improve their innovation models in this industry as they have majored in light weight jets. In the past they have been using a lean budget to oversee their innovations. The company has opted to this kind of plane to increase its utility and increase efficiency. Another major responsibility faced by the company is the need of working through a lean budget, to deliver planes in good time that are not behind schedule or which will be carried out in a slow pace attracting the attention of competitors who will end up using their ideas to make better planes. Adam aircraft company has done well from its conception of humble begins they have grown to beat some of their competitors just by being innovative and timely in their actions. By the fact that they take anything that comes their way with outmost confidence they work with ultimate swagger of understanding their strategies well and to the core. They have taken the advantages of technology and used it to their advantage, this they have done by making it possible the designing of plane structures using the computer which tends to give them preciseness and accurate findings. The fore-mentioned idea helps the company to beat deadlines. Its engineers are always ready to upgrade new ideas and learn more as they work hence their ingenuity is affected to the maximum. When faced with challenges they tend to face it with an attitude of possibilities other than brushing it away to oblivion. Take for the case of john being asked if they can be able to solve the problem of putting an overhead window on an A500 plane to increase visibility of the tanker high and right, the engineers at Adams aircraft could do it in a week’s time. The engineers at Adams aircraft are committed people who are adaptable and flexible flourished and with their years of experience. Key recommendations include the need of motivation which should be revived daily in the company as the spirit of innovation is kept alive. Recruiting new engineers as their market flourishes should be inculcated as the new employees come in, in-training and key company strategies should be instilled in them. Introduction This analysis report on Adam Aircraft Company will mainly dwell on two issues how to waiver competition from established companies in this sector and the challenges that they face as they try to sell their product and new innovation ideas to a market that seems to be resilient to change. The market seems to be inflexible and question new comers who come to the arena. Will the company be able to sell its new innovative ideas because they need the money when it comes to expansion and carrying out research as they invent new products in the aviation industry? The art of selling themselves in market that has lain dormant for more than 3 decades is a major hurdle this report is going to evaluate the market, try to comprehend what the market needs in terms of approach, what kind of problems the industry faces when it comes to a stringent, inflexible, neglected market. (Sheehan 2003) How will they counter the problem of competition in relation to timeliness? They have to invent ways on which they can increase their speed when it comes to the time given to research new findings and the time of implementation of research findings. This is the main factor that will distract their competitor’s stables. How to go about it has to be brought to the light by the basis of finding the strengths and weakness characterized in the sector. Marketing Adam Aircraft Company has a market plan already set in place this is by the fact that it sells its product to the government and private owners. It has specialized in selling of the A700 Models twin engine aircraft and A500 Models thrust twin engine aircraft meaning it has a goal in place.   But how can they increase their market space in order to increase transactions which will alleviate the problems of job cuts brought about by the economic melt down that is being experienced world wide? One market area they should expound in, is the private owners through the charter system. They can make them their biggest customers by approaching and selling their ideas to them. With their A700 Model which can carry an approximate number of three people per trip it can go down well because the charted planes operate like taxis or cabs. Though people would like to travel in charted planes the ability to do so sometimes is unachievable. Hence Adams Aircraft Company should be able to provide affordable rates when it comes to their chattered services. Availability and accessibility of their planes should also be improved. The second market group is the private jet charters, this group can be considered a unique group which brings about specializing the services. People who make up this group consist of entertainers, athletes and celebrities these kinds of people are always on the move and are on tight schedules. Thus they need to have packages that are efficient and reliable. These private planes should be constructed in such way that will enhance privacy, comfort ability and convenience. By making them spacious, by having in built refreshing areas and other essentials that will be needed by this group of people. (Sheehan 2003) The advantage of investing in chartered airplanes is the fact that security details are given full cover. In that the charter company takes full responsibility when disaster strikes like terror attacks. Another advantage posed by private jets is that the customers are exposed to the equipments of the plane thus knowing and gaining full knowledge of the plane thus the eventual buying of the plane. A private charted plane also encourages employees and workers to communicate with each other without much ado of others hearing their work matters. In chartered planes the customers get the advantage of using a wide variety of services offered with different planes for various kinds of operation needed by the customer. This is because small planes have variable speeds and different kinds of equipments installed hence it gives the user an opportunity to experiment with all planes and one day perhaps will buy the best of them all. To reach the clients the company needs to employ various marketing skills such as employing sales personnel, employing direct customer contact and reaching out to other companies that offer the same kind of services to rent the companies planes. To penetrate the market even further Adam Company can develop a soft ware that will enable the market to respond to problems experienced while using its services. This will make the definition of the customers problem to be highlighted and alternative solutions be delivered. The company also should diversify its network to other countries especially developing countries who have the older models kind of planes that tend to have major snarl ups especially when it comes to visibility problems. Due to the high research inn put being put by the company it should find ways of approaching governments of other countries on the advantages of using their highly motivated air planes that have spare parts availability. Adams Aircraft Company can also venture into creating spare parts of old models. Thus this will increases their market share, because of the vacuum created due to the dormant years. It can take the initiatives of inventing more susceptible spare parts that will be used on old models. This initiative will go along away in increasing their capital standings, because it will cover even models that are not of their company. Thus beating their competitors at their own game, taking for instance they will increase their innovativeness when it comes to these said spare parts. This venture will mean more money being pumped in for research purposes but the out right benefits to be found afterwards are of outmost gain. They can take the above measure into two ways, one creating spare parts that are compatible with what they are specializing in that is for A700 planes and A500 planes, here they only need to upgrade the spare parts of other models to be compatible with theirs, this will enhance saving on capital subjected to the project. The second way is creating new spare parts from scratch for the old models. This will mean a lot of research input and capital investment. In conclusion it’s a venture that will increase its market share and pump in more money to the company. Competition Competition is another area of concern. Adam aircraft company should device ways on how to combat competition from their detractors. Adam Company is a new company in this arena compared to pipers, Cessna and Boeing which have rooted their operations world wide.   By taking advantage of their research and innovativeness they can increase their profit margin. But their lean budget tends to restrict them to progressive meaningful steps. This is to imply that timely acts can differentiate between the space of actual innovation and implementation. (Sheehan 2003) Adam aircraft company should pump more money to its research programs this will enhance its innovative programmes. This should be followed by specializing in the manufacturer of light weight jets only. This will mean they will go into research to improve what they already have meaning, not much money will be needed because it’s a continuation of the first process. They will be aiming to improve in efficiency, increase in capacity, and increase speed. By concentrating on a selected set of items more energy is directed to one certain point thus the end product will be a good product that doesn’t waiver because of economic recessions. The time between innovation and making a complete revolution of a product should be decreased with appropriate money set aside for certification process which is quite expensive. Business in mini jets and jets is anticipated by the majority of the population which likes to save time that is usually wasted at the airports and a population that likes to enjoy privacy and convenience thus this factor should motivate Adam Aircraft Company to continue producing its series of light weight jets. (Sheehan 2003) Two specific trends that favor the innovation of jets are as flows: proliferation of fractional ownership programs and the introduction of relatively low cost mini jets. As explained in other paragraphs increased flexibility in trip scheduling has improved by the accessibility of mini jets. Fractional ownership can be defined as the process where by a company buys a fraction of a fleet owned by lets say Adam Aircraft Company. This entitles that particular company to use that fleet at their own convenient time while paying for the services rendered. This includes the use of every kind of aircraft that Adam Company owns in its fleet this is arranged on the basis of the company paying a small fraction of the typical purchase price. This arrangement provides the user with a fixed number of hours that can be used per year. Another more innovative way of practicing the above idea is that of having jet cards program that entails individuals and companies to accesses flight time in 25 hour increments, hence increasing accessibility and lowering the cost than buying into a fractional ownership program. The above area hasn’t been exploited to its limits thus Adam aircraft Company can specialize in it. (Sheehan 2003) Manufacturers of these small jets should be well equipped to serve its clients who are more interested to efficiency and service delivery. The demand of these small airplanes has risen as years go by, Adam Aircraft Company should innovate smaller piston engines that can impact high altitude air space and air space around major metropolitan areas. It is expected by 2015 the growth and idea of plane taxi would have spiraled to up to 20% this should be factor on which Adam aircraft company should rely on to beat its competitors. The main cause of the two problems that is market penetration and competition can be attributed to one, a market that has lain dormant for over thirty years without the introduction of new products. The market was used to having models made in the sixties and seventies whose wiring systems and engines had been elapsed by time and technology, though they had adapted fine to its defects. The entry to this sector of manufacturing small jets and planes needs a lot of money for starters and incase of lack of time management a good innovation can be elapsed by occurring events leading to innovation of a product being back scheduled. A company needs a team of experienced engineers who are able to innovate better, efficient and faster planes compared to the planes made in the seventies. Security and safety measures should also be taken for consideration. (Sheehan 2003) The second problem of competition arises by the fact that in this field there are large companies that have been in the playing field for ages. For example large companies such as Boeing and Cessna have a large market and capital base thus for a company like Adam aircraft company to weaver that competition it needs to strategies its services and production levels. Adam Aircraft Company needs to increase their capital base in order to increase their competitive rates, by this they can materialize on specialization, increase innovation, increase and expand their delivery boundaries by involving charter companies. Conclusion For a successful company to affect its course it has to have a strategy that is well organized. In our case study the Adam Aircraft Company has that; it has specialized in an area that is perceived by many in the aviation sector as minor. But times are changing and the mode of having taxis and cabs on road will invade the air space and soon this industry of light weight jets will pronounce its vastness. As other big players continue to ignore the fertile grounds that small jets offer if innovation is instilled, their sector of heavy planes will be adversely affected by the competition it will experience in coming years. As more people venture for efficiency, more personalized services, and privacy that only the small jets and planes can offer. It is by the above fact that Adam aircraft company should take the pioneering role of establishing a company that will dully specialize in creating jets that have increased efficiency. By now their might be a negligent growth when it comes to usage of light weight jet but as civilization takes its course and sophistication improves the market will flourish for this kind of business.

Project Management Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management Review - Assignment Example This structure helps in creating a framework and provides guidance in terms of schedule development and control. The process of defining the project consists of five steps 1. Defining the project scope: - A project scope is the end result of the project, i.e. a product or service for the client or customer. The scope clearly explains the measurable and tangible result delivered to the end user. 2. Establishing project priorities: - The second step is to establish the project priorities, which determines the shifts in the comparative importance of criterions connected to cost, time, and performance parameters. This also helps in managing the priorities of project trade-offs and in formulating the parameter requirements. 3. The third step involved in defining a project is to create the Work Breakdown Structure. A work breakdown structure is the hierarchal sketch that categorizes the products and work elements engaged in a project. 4. Integration of Work Breakdown Structure with the Org anization is the fourth step of defining a project. The ability of the firm to discharge its work responsibility towards a project is determined at this stage. This is where WBS and the OBS (Organizational Breakdown structure) are integrated. 5. The final stage of the process is coding the Work Breakdown Structure for the information System. At this stage, a range of essentials of the WBS are identified and defined. Reports on the organizational fundamentals, work package, budget and cost are consolidated at all levels of the organizational structure. Lag and Slack According to Francis and Horine (2003), in a series of linked tasks, lag means the ‘delay’ between the linked tasks; and it is necessary to use lag in a network as it is essential for the smooth progress of tasks (p. 80). The lag can be described as a ‘planned delay’. On the other hand, slack explains the extent of time that a task can be belated without affecting its successor tasks. As Chapman (2006, p. 9.22), Gantt chart is prepared to break a large project into a sequence of smaller tasks in an organized way. This chart describes when each task should start and how long it would take. On the other hand, a network diagram is a tool used for demonstrating how the impacts of a project are related and what the consequences of the impact are. Diagrams summarize a large portion of the project body as it is represented as graphical representation. Backward pass: A backward pass is a device used in the project management. It refers to the estimation of late start dates and late finish dates regarding the section of activities that have not been completed. This is calculated using by referring back through the schedule network from the end date of project segment. The end date may be determined by the client or by the supervisor using the forward pass. A backward pass determines the late start date and late finish dates. Scope statement: The project is on arranging a dinner-danc e concert for a local charity. It is going to take place in a four weeks’ time. This concert is reserved specially for 30 couples and the amount collected at this concert goes directly to the needy segment of the local society. The first step involved in the project is to create work breakdown statement of the project scope. The different elements of the project are to be distinguished at first hand. It is easier to understand the different

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture Essay

Ruskins Influence on Victorian Architecture - Essay Example For many years, theorists in Victoria believed that a building not only conveyed meanings but also communicate these meanings in deep precision.1 The meanings communicated vary widely from the society, past, present, the architect, occupants, materials, man, God, its functions, among other meanings, all encoded in its form. However, most Victorian authors believed that between the Middle Ages and the 19th century, the unique architecture in Victoria lost its identity and meaning, and had become dishonest, empty and irrelevant.1 Ruskin was called a prophet and a true polymath with thorough knowledge of the Bible, which he deeply knew, and intimately meditated by heart.2 He was later to use this knowledge to reform this art that had lost meaning. Due to this immense understanding, Ruskin sought to know more and understand the world around him, and would later become a reformer to remedy the evils of a â€Å"dissolutely reforming and vulgarly manufacturing age.†3 Ruskin saw an En gland that had sacrificed, and ignored the love of man, and had embraced the love of wealth and progress, which was honesty to self-interests. 1. Kaufman N.E., (1982). The weight and vigor of their masses: mid-Victorian churches and the lamp of Power in the Ruskin Polygon. Manchester: John Dixon Hunt., p30 2. Atwood, S.E., (2006). â€Å"A cowslip form an oxlip and a blackthorn form a white:† Ruskin’s educational; philosophy and Fors Clavigera. UMI, Ann Arbor, 48106-1346., p1 3. Craig, D.M., (2004). Naves and Nukes: John Ruskin as â€Å"Augustinian† social theorist? Journal of Religious Ethics, 32(2); pp325-356. Ruskin remarked that the world had forgotten and done way with its soul, and has to be brought back to the things that determined its peace and coexistence.4 It was due to the immorality in the society that Ruskin developed a moral philosophy, which he taught through architectural works and drawings. For example, he likened buildings with sentiment beings remarking that the wall should be â€Å"like an organized creature†, which answer, and can end in living energetically. Generally, Ruskin remarked how wonderful it would be to read buildings, and how more wonderful it would be, if these buildings could speak to people.5 Ruskin aim was to transform the society in England through his deep moral teachings, and love for nature that represented coexistence and harmony. His â€Å"logical drives through deep religious impulses was not a clerical career but was more of a prophetic one†.6 Through his artistic work Ruskin, continued to advocate social reforms, though he declined any pretensions of leadership.6 To explain his simplicity and value for home as representing families, Ruskin had much if his paintings on domestic architecture. Ruskin had a love for picturesque, the essence of a house as a home, and the idea that a home has to be built by the inhabitants.7 Largely, Ruskin opened a new dimension in artistic work where he saw artistic work, and economic life as mutually reinforcing realms of human entity, either for good or bad, depending on the social relationships that govern the two.8 His treasure on unity and aesthetic is found when he defended the gothic style in terms of its appreciation for higher and lower nature of all things.9 4. Masterfield, J. (1920).

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response - Assignment Example This paper finds three of the statements of Brad interesting to look into further for an analysis. The highlight about the information and communication revolution brought about by the technology of Facebook, its ability to cut across social boundaries, and the growing concern about the ownership and usability of the content on Facebook are ideas that are worth scrutiny and analysis for their validity. It is, no doubt, true that Facebook has altered the way people communicate by providing a platform that surpasses the constraints of space and time. The article says â€Å"Facebook promises to change how we communicate even more fundamentally, in part by digitally mapping and linking peripatetic people across space and time, allowing them to publicly share myriad and often very personal elements of their lives† and it â€Å"reconnects regular folks with old friends and strengthens their bonds with new pals †¦help rebuild families† (Stone). This is very much true as the impact Facebook has had on the world internet users. Facebook claims on its website to have â€Å"more than 300 million active users† and it says â€Å"50% of our active users log on to Facebook in any given day† (Facebook). The extent of its influence is evident in its membership and usage. As the article says, the social networking is so powerful that it has been effectively used for activism as well. It is interesting to note that the article does not add any colour to the previous idea and the author keeps the voice low and account brief as seen in the second shortest paragraph. Secondly, the article says that Facebook has helped users build connections across socio-economic boundaries. To illustrate this, it cites the words of Mr. Zuckerberg who talks about a certain Claus Drachmann, a school teacher, who was successful in inviting Denmark’s Prime Minister for a talk in his school. This was made possible through Facebook, which otherwise would have

Medical Microbiology case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Microbiology case study - Essay Example ion which is the infection of the urethra and bladder that is shown by pain during urination, frequent urinating, blood stained urine and ‘NO’ fever is reported. The upper urinary tract infection that is the infection of the kidney parenchyma and pylus that shows in lower UTI signs and symptoms, fever and chills, vomiting and nausea (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Laboratory diagnosis involves direct microscopic examinations of white blood cells, erythrocytes and epithelial cells. Existence of more than five white blood cells and many epithelial cells per HPF indicates UTI (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Also culture can be done through blood agar medium and Mac Conkey agar medium. Culture results are interpreted as greater than or equal to 105cfu/ml of urine indicates UTI. Less than 103cfu/ml of urine shows specimen contamination, 103 - 105 cfu/ml of urine is not certain and 103 - 105cfu/ml of urine in catheterized specimen or symptomatic patient shows UTI (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). There are two species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pseudomallei. Our species of interest is P. Aeruginosa. It is located in animal and human intestines, soil, water and moist areas in hospitals. Primarily, it is a nosocomial bacterium. It invades and triggers infections in hospitalized persons whose host defences are abnormal. It produces toxins. Its antigenic features include exotoxin A which by hindering protein synthesis is cytotoxic, pili to stick to epithelial cells, lipopolysacchride which has an endotoxic effect, exopolysacchride that has anti – phagocytic features and its enzymes include protease, hemolysins, phospholipases C and elastases which digests proteins (Tadesse & Alem, 2006). Its clinical features are that it’s pathogenic when it is introduced into environments that lack the required defences such as neutropenia of any cause, a broken mucus membrane and the utilization of urine catheter. Urinary tract infection is related with an indwelling catheter (Tadesse & Alem,

MHE509 Module 5 - SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MHE509 Module 5 - SLP - Essay Example The main better features of the Barnard College’s plan/policy for the emergency and disaster management those can be used to effectively deal with the weakness of the overall policy and disaster management plan. This plan has set up priorities regarding the disaster management, where the policy makers have given priority to the saving of the lives and collage property in case of emergencies. Then they have placed the point regarding the functioning of College main task during emergency condition. Here they have minimized the weaknesses through the on time better management of the resources and manpower in the occurrence of an emergency state. They also mentioned that the help and coordination with the outside agencies in case of emergency will be preferred, in this way the Barnard College be able to manage and handle of its main weaknesses regarding there policy and emergency state management recourses. Now I will mention few main objectives settled by the Barnard College for the effective management of any disaster state. This feature of their policy is more powerful tool they can use for the better disaster management in spite of lot of policy and resource weaknesses. This policy has established that the on time and non-interrupted emergency communication is very necessary for handling the critical situation. The policy states that need to assess the injuries, damage and site of main troubles is also a main facture for the successful critical situation handling. The evacuate plan implementation is also a better step for the better disaster management and handling. In this way the Barnard College is able to save the numerous lives and the property from some critical situation. Another main feature of this policy is regarding the isolation of the unsafe areas in anticipation of evaluation that can grantee that the location is now safe for reentry. In this policy they have mentioned that the first aid and medical triage

Western Dominations as a Menace to Islamic Supremacy Essay

Western Dominations as a Menace to Islamic Supremacy - Essay Example Thus, the Muslim fundamentalist movements advocate an unreserved rejection for the West for "causing" all these social ills to transpire due to Western influences and modernization. This rejection is expressed in their denunciation of and violence on Western countries, their interests and peoples as well as 'impious' Muslim people who have 'embraced' the Western modernization and education. Establishment of states and societies based on Islamic law and traditional mores are the end goals of the Muslim fundamentalists. This is so because Muslim fundamentalists view the world as one to be dominated by Islam, and the Western countries and peoples will waste away to give way to this domination. Thus, in this paper, the key explanatory factors that lead the Muslims towards anti-American and anti-Western sentiments are economic and political domination as well as the imperialistic culture that the United States and the West exhibit, hampering the quest of Islam religion and Muslim governme nt towards world domination. The struggle between Western and anti-Western influences are said to have been traced since the seventh century in the expansion of Islam in the Middle East from 622 A.D. to the present. Lewis emphasized that during Muhammad's lifetime, the Muslims were both a political and a religious community, with the Prophet as head of state who ruled the government and the people, dispensed justice, collected taxes, waged war and made peace.1 This description gives an initial knowledge that the Muslim religion is not at all a plain religion like the Christian religion now, but is also a political embodiment, a way of life, and a set of mores and traditions, which a Muslim must follow at all costs.   As already mentioned, the factors that led towards anti-Western and anti-American sentiments are social, economic, and political ones. The social factors are the staggering global poverty blamed on imperialist influences by the Western countries and the United States, which Lewis covertly mentioned in his book. Extreme economic inequality and problems related to this are also viewed by Islam as being caused by Western domination. Lewis' thesis is that Islam's obsession with the United States is an old occurrence and constitutes the Middle East's escalating hatred for the West.2   The anti-Western and anti-American Muslim sentiments are traced done to the antiquated dominance of Islam, which extended from Morocco to Indonesia, from Kazakhstan to Senegal. It goes back to the mission of the prophet Muhammad in Saudi Arabia during the seventh century and the creation of Islamic community and state.3   

Introduction to Computer Information Systems Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Computer Information Systems Essay Computer software is no longer a major barrier to widespread use of wireless information systems. Introduction To know about the connection of these topics it is must to know about the link between these phrases as well as the basic concept of these two. Firstly, to know what is computer software and wireless Information systems and then secondly to discuss their effects upon each other. Computer software is basically some programs or events that are written just to achieve certain functions by the software engineers. Events are the set of steps that are written and combined to make a program. Now there arises a question that what is a program then the answer of this question is that: Programs are basically a set of rules and instructions on the basis of which a computer act to achieve certain functions. To perform a specific set of actions on computers intelligently or normally is the basic need to write a program. Wireless Information systems are basically the systems that used wirelessly. What is â€Å"Wireless† and why and how question arises then? â€Å"Wireless†, as its name, shows that it means some sort of transport of data and information among wireless devices without using wires. It can be used in form of mobiles, PDA’s, and on large scale â€Å"Radio† is the example of it. Wireless information systems can be the range of mobiles, wireless devices, and networks. The device used for it is basically a device that is installed first and then it can be used. (Wireless network and information processing system, 2008) Certain Dependencies In case of Wireless information systems, there are certain dependencies. Among those dependencies some of them are very basic and are: the mobility of the user mobility of the resource Explanation These dependencies can be differentiated in a way that in case of user mobility it can be in the form of traveling user whereas the case with the second dependency is that a network if created among multiple PDA’s and now in this case, if the PDA’s are moving. Along with this dependency, there is certain other as well. Just to be a focus on the actual behavior of the wireless and then wireless information systems only two are mentioned here to emphasize the main and important factors affecting the wireless in general. Important features to consider about There are certain tendencies that are important to know about these systems. According to these, Information systems have to develop first. While developing these systems a software engineer needs to know the protocols (specific rules of dealing on networks) and standard to follow up on them and then to develop finally (Feldman, 2007). There are certain standards that need to follow while considering wireless. In this way, there appears a need to select a standard according to the type of wireless information system. Those standards are as follows: IEE802.11 IEE802.11a IEE802.11b IEE802.11g IEE802.16 IEE802.16a Open Air Home based Blue tooth based Discussion After implementation of these steps, architecture to develop a software program is required. When these wireless systems developed then these should cope with the problem fairly in real time. If an architecture of software program is designed in such a way that it is safe for security flexibility and other issues as well. If technology is implemented selected in an improved way then an information system can work well. If there are leaks in the design and programming tactics and technology implementation then there would be a lot of leak in the system as well that result in a very severe or drastic problem. In this way, it can say that software programs that developed to resolve a problem need attention in all these metrics to work upon and to get a better result. If there is a better program written by a programmer who is reliable and portable, efficient and of strong functionality then fulfill the better requirement in this case. Whereas if we are talking about the wireless informa tion systems things become more sensitive as we are dealing on real-time and gather a lot of security risks. That’s why after applying and implementing rules and regulations and following the standards will get the better results. The use of wireless information systems is beneficial for the companies and organization in various ways, first of all, it is accessible in minimum resources. It reduces the time and mobility issues problem and enhances the productivity of the organization in this regard.(Wireless Networking in the developing world session 2007) The use of wireless management systems can improve the effectiveness of applying multiple procedures. An output of these procedures when resulted in a good form then increased or enhanced the productivity of the organization in a fast manner. Well, reputed industries, companies, and organizations are referring towards these wireless information systems that are very fast growing. Along with all this, there are still new advancements are just coming on the way to increase the quality of the projects or to attain the benefits of the technologies as much as it can be. References Phillip M. Feldman (2007), Emerging Commercial Mobile Wireless Technology and Standards Suitable for the Army: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR960/index.htmlWireless network and information processing system, (2008), Wireless network and information processing system, 2008: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7433699.htmlWireless networking in the developing world session (2007), Wireless networking in the developing world session, Wireless Network: http://wirelesssummit.org/content/cwns-and-developing-world

Understanding Of Sociological Concepts And Theories Sociology Essay

Understanding Of Sociological Concepts And Theories Sociology Essay This essay will demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of sociological concepts and theories related to health, illness and health care. It will also look and explain the historical and contemporary patterns of inequality in health and illness. It will also critically discuss why some people are healthier than others. It will also Discuss insight of sociological methods of research discovery and evaluate the relevant data. Sociology of health is the study between different ethnic groups and individuals in human society. The twentieth century has witnessed a rise in life expectancy for people that live in industrialized countries compared to other parts of the world the standards of health and wellbeing are quite high. Research has shown that certain groups of people tend to enjoy a much healthier life style than others. Theses health inequalities appear to be in the larger socioeconomic patterns. Sociologists have attempted to explain the link between health and the variation in social class, gender, race, age and location (Giddens 2001). Research on class and health has shown a pattern between death and illness and an individuals social class. There have been two nationwide studies on health in the United Kingdom one of theses being The Black Report in 1980 (Giddens 2001). The Black Report, was commissioned by the government to look at data on health inequalities and to make recommendation for policy and research, which focused largely on materialist explanation of health inequality. The report emphasised the need for an all- inclusive anti-poverty policy and for improvement in education in order to reduce health inequalities (Macintyre 1997). Studies show that poverty can be bad for your health. Areas of the country with above average numbers of people dying young, that is before 65, are generally poor urban areas. Glasgow, London and many of the biggest cities in the North of England stand out in particular. Suicide rates amongst young men are four times higher amongst those with no known occupation compared to those in Social Class 1. People on low incomes are more likely to suffer episodes of serious depression. (BBC News 1999) In a speech on 27 March 1977 the then Secretary of State for Social Services stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The crude differences in mortality rates between the various social classes are worrying. To take the extreme example, in 1971 the death rate for adult men in social class V (unskilled workers) was nearly twice that of adult men in social class I (professional workers) even when account has been taken of the different age structure of the 2 classes. When you look at death rates for specific diseases the gap is even wider. For examples for tuberculosis the death rate in social class V is 10 times that for social class I; for bronchitis it was 5 times as high and for lung cancer and stomach cancer 3 times as high. Social class differences in mortality begin at birth. In 1971 neo-natal death rates deaths within the first month of life were twice as high for the children of fathers in social class V as they were in social class I. Death rates for the post-neo-natal period from one month up to one year were nearly 5 times higher in social class V than in social class I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The first step towards remedial action is to put together what is already known about the problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is a major challenge for the next 10 or more years to try to narrow the gap in health standards between different social classes. Many cultures have different health and cultural beliefs such as in the Asian ethnic groups believe that the extended family have influence on individuals; the oldest male is the decision maker and spokesman. Stacy (1988) stated that various cultural social and economic factors all of which have their own roots in the eighteenth century Biomedical is one of the ways to understanding health and illness in the western cultures, but also being accepted not only by doctors but also by none professional. There is general agreement among contributors that there are a number of important characteristics Nettleton (1995.5) describes some examples these being Mid -body dualism which is accepting that the mind and the body can be treated with two different things, Mechanical metaphor looks at the theory of which that the body is a machine, Biomedical is described as reductionist in that there are tendency to reduce all explanations to the physical working of the body. All cultures have a known concept of physical health and illness, but most of what is recognized as medicine is a consequence of development in western society over the past three centuries. Premodern cultures, the family was the main institution coping with illness and disease. There have always been people who believe that you can be healed by different remedi es such as physical and magical in the non- western cultures throughout the world (Giddens 2001). The Bio-medical model there are three main theorys on why the bio-medical model of health is predicted. First disease is seen as a breakdown within the human body that diverts it from its normal state of being The germ theory of disease, second is the mind and body are able to be treated separately and the third being doctors who have been trained and are experts in treating illness and disease (Giddens 2001). Critics to this model say that the effectiveness of scientific medicine overrated. In spite of the prestige that modern medicine has acquired, improvement in overall health can be attributed far more too social and environmental changes than to medical skill. Effective sanitation, better nutrition and improved sewerage and hygiene were more influential particularly in reducing the rates of infant deaths and young people (Mc Keown 1979). Other critics like Ivan Illich (1976) states that modern medicine has done more harm than good.

Austins Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of :: Austin Politics Essays

Austin's Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of "Non-Serious" Speech ABSTRACT: This essay seeks to show that there are political implications in Jacques Derrida’s critique of J.L. Austin’s notion of performative speech. If, as Derrida claims and Austin denies, performative utterances are necessarily "contaminated" by that which Austin refuses to consider (the speech of the poet and the actor in which literal force is never intended), then what are the implications for the speech acts of the state? Austin considers the speech acts of the poet and the actor to be "parasites" or "ordinary language," "non-serious," and would relegate such speech to a region beyond his consideration, to a "ditch" outside the border of meaning for the performative. Derrida argues that the "contamination" Austin fears for language is necessary for its very performativity. If Derrida is correct, then the performative utterances of the state (e.g. the decree of the judge, "I sentence you...") from the biases of racial or sexual identity is also based upon an impo ssible desire, a desire that goes against the manner in which language functions. I argue that this desire for a just state cannot be satisfied unless racial and sexual identity is viewed not as "parasitic" and "poetic," but as necessary to the performativity of the state’s liberal power. "One will not be able to exclude, as Austin wishes, the 'non-serious', the oratio obliqua from 'ordinary language'." Jacques Derrida (1) In his lectures included in How to Do Things With Words J.L. Austin seeks to exclude from his analysis of performative speech all utterances that do not fall under his notion of "ordinary speech".(2) Ordinary speech that is performative, according to Austin, effects a circumstance by means of the speaking, e.g. a sailor names a ship or a judge says, "I sentence you to six months' probation." Often, the desired effect is not produced because of what Austin calls "extenuating circumstances". But Austin's main concern is for what he refers to as instances of "relative purity" in which there is less a chance of failure or "infelicity" (his term) to spoil the intentions of the speech. Also to be excluded from his considerations are instances of citations of performative speech, as in a play: ...a performative will be in a peculiar way hollow or void if said by an actor on the stage, or if introduced in a poem, or spoken in a soliloquy....Language in such circumstances is in special ways—intelligibly—used not seriously, but in ways parasitic upon its normal use—ways which fall under the doctrine of the etiolations of language.

Computer Addiction Essay -- essays research papers

Computer and internet have become daily features of our lives. Some people have displaced work, school, friends and even family with computer. When too much time is spent on the computer that it reaches a limit where family, social relationship, school and work life is interrupted, that people may be caught in addiction. Like any other addiction, computer addiction had replaced the importance of life with internet. Computers are bad for your health and decrease attachments with your true life. There are many signs and symptoms of computer addiction. A person might have a guilty feeling while on the computer, they might feel very sad and depressed when computer time is minimized or disturbed. That person might lose control of time when on the computer and are enable to quit or cut down computer time, use the computer often to replace their depression or sadness with happiness. They also ignore their family or responsibilities to be online, lie to other people about the time spend on the computer, may get tempted in a relationship with a stranger which may end up into victimizatio...

Identify Marks and Spencers market position and determine why they nearly collapsed :: essays research papers

Identify Marks and Spencers market position and determine why they nearly collapsed Introduction Marks & Spencer is one of the UK's foremost retailers of clothing, foods, homeware and financial services, boasting a weekly customer base of 10 million in over 300 UK stores. Marks & Spencer operate in 30 countries worldwide, and has a group turnover in excess of  £8 billion. It has specific values, missions and visions. It’s main vision is ‘to be the standard against which all others are measured’, it’s main mission is ‘to make aspirational quality accessible to all’, and it’s main values are quality, service, innovation and trust. (www.marksandspencer.co.uk). By the end of 1998 though, there was evidence of a crisis occurring. Customers and media pulled together to assist senior management partake in an internal audit to identify the problems and see if they could come to a solution. The purpose of this assignment is to construct a SWOT analysis, highlighting each of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that were highlighted in the internal audit. The SWOT analysis is contained within the marketing plan and is the third step in the marketing planning process, coming after the Marketing audit and before any assumptions. (Joisce, Ted (2002), Marketing Planning Lecture Notes – 14/10/02, Mission, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics) Conclusions will be drawn from the SWOT analysis, which will attempt to review the company’s position and identify the marketing priorities. Also, Marks & Spencer’s recent marketing activities will be critically analysed in order to ascertain what improvements have been made since 1998. This assignment will attempt to determine why Marks & Spencer nearly collapsed and what they have achieved in terms of success and failure as part of their recovery programme. Strategic wear-out occurs when an organisation no longer meets customer needs and the pursued strategy is surpassed by competitors. (Drummond and Ensor, Strategic Marketing Management, p. 149, Butterworth Heinemann) Marks & Spencer is a perfect example of a company that had a successful strategy but failed to adapt to the changing environment and have therefore suffered from ‘strategic wear-out.’ Evidence to support this quote comes in the form of Marks and Spencer sending very little on marketing communications and being overtaken by their competitors, but this will be explained later in the assignment. As Figure 2 shows, strategic wear-out refers to the lack of fit between an organizations strategy and the needs of the marketplace. This was clearly evident with Marks and Spencer when they became complacent about their customer service standards and thought their customers understood what Marks and Spencer stood for without marketing when all along they didn’t.

Serial Killers as Heroes in Popular Culture

â€Å"When asked to justify the extremely sadistic nature of his murders, Doe replies: â€Å"If you want to people to pay attention, Detective, you can’t just tap them on the shoulder anymore. You have to hit them with a sledgehammer. Then you’ll find you have their strict attention. † This is a prime example as to why the media can get, and keep the attention of their audience when it comes to being a serial killer. The media feels that the more people see of a particular crime, the less they are inclined to go out and commit heinous crimes. On the other hand, it could be that they just need the ratings to keep their show going and they really do not care what their audience is looking at or how it makes them feel. The media in my opinion only care about their ratings and how many viewers they have. The media should focus more of the energy on the victims and what was taken, rather than focusing on the killer or killers. During this week we watch Natural born Killers, and I thought that this movie showed every aspect as to why the focus should not be on the killers. Who in their right mind would decide to do a live taping of an interview with a serial killer, and then decide to let the prisoners view the taping. This shows that the producers only cared about the ratings. They did not have to agree with the request, but they did not want to lose their number 1 reporter either. They put their ratings and sponsors above their audience and a lot of people lost their lives, all because someone higher up thought it was ok to do a live show with a serial killer. In my mind I am thinking, this man is not the president or anything so why should he get all the attention. Why someone of this nature should even be allowed to see the light of day. Why, because we as society crave that energy that is sent from the screen to our living rooms. We want to feel sorry for the killers because it’s in our nature to think that maybe this person could have been saved, or that they were truly wronged somewhere in their life. I truly do think that the prisoners viewing the show as it aired played a big part in the major riot that occurred. I am not saying that it could not have happened at any other time, but in this case with everything that was going on, this was the wrong time to allow prisoners access to this particular show. The media puts too much information out there for anybody to see, and society is the one who ends up suffering the consequences.

Baseline Project Plan Report Essay

1.0Introduction A.Project overview- Project scope: We will contract yearly with university to create wiring network of PCs in laboratory for students with 60 PCs and maintenance it during 5 year. Justification: we want to make the interface between students and staff and between the students themselves more easily and usefully. Recourse requirement: to make this network I need 60 computer, cables and switches, server for the internet tables and chare. Schedules: we must finish this network in 16 days. The problem: the data is difficult to transform between the staff and it is always redundant when it will be use and there is many resources (like printers, faxes †¦..) The environment: the university with student and staff have good experience in PCs and in the network The Constraints: can face us is the lab is so small to fit 60 PCs and the budget is very less than the cost. B.Recommendation- planning process is to buying all thing to make the network and built it in the lab and finally is to test this network and maybe to maintenance it in the future , so I recommend to make a very professional network with 60 high speed computers and with huge hard disk and with speed access to the Internet . 2.0System Description A.Alternatives- to solve the problem I face is to make a wiring network ,wireless network ,or to share the data by emails or easily with flash memory B.System description: wiring network: is network build in lab for university with cables and switches that receive data from any computer and maybe store it or transfer it to another computer, or receive a request for one of the recourses and then do it. 3.0Feasibility Assessment A.Economic Analysis- TANGIBLE BENEFIT WORKSHEET Year 1 through 5 1- Error reduction. 2- Increased speed of activity. 3- Improve the planning and services 4- Cost reduction 5- Other6,500 15,000 4,500 30,000 0 TOTAL tangible benefits56,000 B.Technical Analysis- C.Operational Analysis- This project is save time, make the data transfers faster than before and all features we put it is useful to solve this problem . D.Legal and contractual Analysis-just the related to departure web sites is legal and not all persons can use this lap. E.Political Analysis- there is an agreements between us so each girl must be agree on the work of other girls and there is an agreements between us and the university so must the responsible person for the project happy from our work F.Schedules, Timeline, Resource Analysis- The project finish on time and don’t late and the network ready to use. 4.0Management Issues A.Team Configuration and Management-We are a group of 5 girls one of us is a group leader and two is responsible for communication with the supplier and other for linking and building the network and one for software and all group do the maintenance if something wrong happen in the future B.Communication Plan- we make meeting approximately every 2 days and communicate with email also and some of them go to university also every 2 days to show them the work. C.Project Standard and Procedures- the organization evaluate us depend on our work that must be what the university want , the time of finish the project